Fiber laser cutting technology, with its excellent speed, precision, and efficiency, has become an important pillar in the field of modern metal processing. However, relying solely on the performance of the equipment itself is not enough to ensure continuous clean and high-quality cutting results. To achieve stable and excellent cutting performance with ideal surface smoothness, the key lies in a deep understanding and precise control of multiple core process parameters.
In this beginner's guide, we'll walk you through the five key parameters that affect cutting quality—laser power, cutting speed, focus position, assist gas and nozzle. You'll learn what each one does, how they work together, and how small adjustments can make a big difference in cutting performance and finish.
1. Laser Power: The Energy Source
Laser power refers to the amount of energy a laser produces
It determines the maximum material thickness that can be cut.
Higher power enables faster cutting speeds.
Thicker plates require more power for stable, consistent penetration.
Pro Tip: Match the power to the material thickness and application needs—oversized power may waste energy, while undersized power leads to poor cutting quality.
2. Cutting Speed
The key principle is to align cutting speed with both the laser power and the material thickness.
Too Fast: Incomplete penetration, tilted or scattered sparks.
Too Slow: Excessive melting, heavy dross, and wider kerf.
Observation tip: You can judge cutting speed by observing the sparks. Under normal conditions, the sparks spread downward from top to bottom in a consistent flow.
If the sparks are angled, it indicates that the cutting speed is too fast.
If the sparks are sparse, lack diffusion, and cluster together, the cutting speed is too slow.
At an appropriate cutting speed, the cutting surface appears smooth and even, with no molten slag forming at the lower edge.
3. Focus Position: Controlling Energy Distribution
Focus position defines where the laser's focal point lies relative to the material surface. It determines the spot diameter and power density on the workpiece surface. Any deviation in the focal position can lead to issues such as wider kerf width, slag adhesion, and rough cut surfaces.
Zero Focus
The focus is on the surface of the workpiece. This position delivers the smallest laser spot, the highest power density, and the narrowest kerf, resulting in precise and clean cuts.
- Best for thin sheet high-speed cutting.
Negative Focus
The focus is located below the workpiece surface. It increases the internal melting effect of the material, enabling deeper penetration and smoother cross-sections.
- Best for materials resistant to oxidation.
Positive Focus
The focus is set above the workpiece surface. This setup produces a slightly wider kerf, with enhanced oxygen reaction and improved cutting efficiency.
- Best for Oxygen cutting of carbon steel.
4. Assist Gas: More Than Just Blowing Away Slag
Assist gases not only clear molten material but also affect chemical reactions during cutting.
Air
Compressed air is a low-cost, flexible option suitable for various materials, especially thin stainless steel, carbon steel, and aluminum. It's easy to use since it doesn't require special storage, though cut quality is lower than with nitrogen.
Oxygen
Oxygen is commonly used for cutting carbon steel. It supports an exothermic reaction that helps the laser penetrate thick material. However, it slows cutting speed on thinner steel due to the burning process.
Nitrogen
High-pressure nitrogen is the go-to gas for stainless steel and aluminum. It preventsoxidation, ensuring clean, bright edges without rust risk, making it the preferred choice for high-quality cuts.
5. Nozzle: Directing the Gas Flow
The nozzle serves as the commander of assist gas flow, channeling it precisely toward the cutting zone to blow away molten material and protect the lens.
There are two main nozzle types:
Single-layer nozzle: Common for standard cutting tasks.
Double-layer nozzle: Provides steadier gas flow and better focus control, ideal for precision cutting.
The diameter of the nozzle directly affects gas velocity and cooling efficiency:
Φ1.0–1.5 mm: Produces a fast, concentrated flow—perfect for thin-sheet, high-speed cutting.
Φ2.0–3.0 mm: Delivers greater flow and cooling, reduces spatter, and suits thicker plates.
As the nozzle controls how gas interacts with the material surface, its distance from that surface becomes equally critical. That's where standoff comes into play.
The standoff (cutting height) refers to the gap between the nozzle and the workpiece—typically 0.5–2.0 mm.
If the nozzle is too close, it risks collision, overheating, and potential damage. If it’s too far, gas flow weakens, and the laser beam loses focus, resulting in unstable cutting quality.
